SOLID State

General characteristics of solid State

• In solid State, the constituent particles are held Together by strong internuclear forces.
• These constituent particle poses very less thermal energy therefore they occupy fix position in a crystal. lattice but can oscillate on their mean position Therefore , They possess rigidity.
• Solids have definite shape and volume and they are incompressible.

Amorphous and crystalline solids

                                              Crystalline solid                        Amorphous solid

•  Solids can be classified as crystalline or amorphous on the basis of nature of order present in the arrangement of their constituent particles

 

Crystalline Solids	Amorphous Solids
Crystalline solids have definite and regular geometrical shapes.	Amorphous solids are highly irregular in shape.
They have a long range of orders, that's why called ordered or true solids.	They have a short range of order, that's why called disordered or pseudo solids or supercooled liquids.
They have a sharp melting point.	They do not have a sharp melting point.
Crystalline solids have definite heat of fusion.	Amorphous solids do not have definite heat of fusion.

 

 

Anisotropy

1. Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature that is some of their physical properties like electrical resistance or refractive index show different values when measured along different direction in same crystal
2. Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature, it is because there is no long range order in them and arrangement is a regular there phone and a physical property would be same along any direction

 $(x,y](x,y]\sim\sec\tan^{-1}\cot^{-1}\mu\sigma\alpha\pi\int\sin=\ln^{y^x}$(x,y](x,y]∼sectan⁻¹cot⁻¹μσαπ∫sin=ln^yx 

GAS LAWS

Boyle’s law

• At constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed amount (i.e., number of moles n) of gas varies inversely with its volume. This is known as Boyle’s law.
• If a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature T occupying volume V₁ at pressure p₁ undergoes expansion, so that volume becomes V₂ and pressure becomes p₂, then according to Boyle’s law :
• Experiments of Boyle, in a quantitative manner prove that gases are highly compressible.
• Also , With the help of Boyle’s Law , we determine that

 

• This shows that at a constant temperature, pressure is directly proportional to the density of a fixed mass of the gas.

 

Graphs-