SOLID STATE

• Observation and explanation: The salt or sugar dissolves in water and there is no noticeable change in the level of water. This is because, there are some spaces in between the particles of water, which are occupied by salt or sugar particles (when salt or sugar dissolves in water) and thus the level of water does not rise.
• When salt dissolves in water, the particles of salt get into the spaces between the particles of water and the level of solution does not rise

 

• Observation and explanation: The salt or sugar dissolves in water and there is no noticeable change in the level of water. This is because, there are some spaces in between the particles of water, which are occupied by salt or sugar particles (when salt or sugar dissolves in water) and thus the level of water does not rise.
• When salt dissolves in water, the particles of salt get into the spaces between the particles of water and the level of solution does not rise

Basic Algebra Formulas

• a² – b² = (a – b)(a + b)
• (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
• a²+ b² = (a + b)² – 2ab
• (a – b)² = a² – 2ab + b²
• (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
• (a – b – c)² = a² + b² + c² – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
• (a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³
• (a – b)³ = a³ – 3a²b + 3ab² – b³
• a³ – b³ = (a – b)(a² + ab + b²)
• a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² – ab + b²)
• (a + b)⁴ = a⁴ + 4a³b + 6a²b² + 4ab³ + b⁴
• (a – b)⁴ = a⁴ – 4a³b + 6a²b² – 4ab³ + b⁴
• a⁴– b⁴ = (a – b)(a + b)(a² + b²)
• (a^m)(aⁿ) = a^{m + n}
• (ab)^m = a^mb^m
• (a^m)ⁿ = a^mn

 

General characteristics of solid state

• In solid state, the constituent particles are held Together by strong internuclear forces
• These constituent particle poses very less thermal energy therefore they occupy fix position in a crystal lattice but can oscillate on their mean position Therefore , They possess rigidity
• Solids have definite shape and volume and they are incompressible

Amorphous and crystalline solids

                                              Crystalline solid                        Amorphous solid

 Solids can be classified as crystalline or amorphous on the basis of nature of order present in the arrangement of their constituent particles

 

Crystalline Solids	Amorphous Solids
Crystalline solids have definite and regular geometrical shapes.	Amorphous solids are highly irregular in shape.
They have a long range of orders, that's why called ordered or true solids.	They have a short range of order, that's why called disordered or pseudo solids or supercooled liquids.
They have a sharp melting point.	They do not have a sharp melting point.
Crystalline solids have definite heat of fusion.	Amorphous solids do not have definite heat of fusion.
They are highly rigid and totally incompressible.	Like crystalline solids, they are rigid too but can be compressed
When cut, crystalline solids give clean and sharp cleavage.	When cut, Amorphous solids do not give clean and sharp cleavage.
They are anisotropic and symmetrical in nature	They are isotropic and unsymmetrical in nature
Examples of crystalline solids are table salt, diamond, etc.	Examples of amorphous solids are cotton, glass, plastics ,thin-film lubricants, etc.

 

 

Anisotropy

1. Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature that is some of their physical properties like electrical resistance or refractive index show different values when measured along different direction in same crystal
2. Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature, it is because there is no long range order in them and arrangement is a regular there phone and a physical property would be same along any direction